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When Oregon Territory 鈥� including what鈥檚 now Washington 鈥� officially became part of the United States on Aug. 15, 1848, it was because had negotiated a treaty with Great Britain to divide the jointly occupied 鈥淥ld Oregon Country鈥� at the 49th parallel.

At the time, Buchanan was Secretary of State in the administration of President James K. Polk. Polk had appointed Buchanan after defeating him for the Democratic nomination for the White House in the election of 1844.

Polk and Buchanan clashed over the terms of the Treaty of 1846 鈥� Polk had run for office partly on the promise of securing all of the Oregon Country from Great Britain and promised action in his first State of the Union 鈥� but Polk ultimately submitted Buchanan鈥檚 treaty for approval by the .

Walter Borneman, author of the 2008 book says that the Oregon boundary issue was already somewhat settled when Buchanan took on the issue.

鈥淏uchanan as secretary of state really inherits from the previous [President John] Tyler administration the situation in Oregon, where basically the British have agreed or there’s an offer on the table that the British would accept a line at the 49th parallel,鈥� Borneman said. 鈥淎nd it’s up to Buchanan to see if he can really get that into a treaty.鈥�

Borneman says that President Polk found Secretary of State Buchanan too timid in his negotiations with the British; Polk, after all, had campaigned in 1844 on securing all of the Oregon Country for the United States, as far north as 54 degrees, 40 minutes north 鈥� the boundary with what was then Russian America (now known as Alaska).

By the early 1840s, the balance in Oregon Country had tipped in favor of the Americans. The Oregon Trail had opened up the area to settlement, and thousands of Americans were arriving and making it home, and even organizing their own provisional government.

Meanwhile, the British were mostly represented in the Pacific Northwest only by employees of the Hudson鈥檚 Bay Company. Great Britain was also at this time having economic troubles back at home. So there was incentive for them to settle.

The end game for the Treaty of 1846 was complicated, but Buchanan essentially cemented the deal with his British counterpart 鈥� to set the boundary at the 49th parallel — giving the US the prized and sought-after land north and west of the Columbia River, including Puget Sound — but also dipping down and around to give the British all of Vancouver Island.

Borneman says that Polk wasn鈥檛 necessarily thrilled, but he decided to submit the treaty to the Senate for review (or, in Constitutional terms, 鈥渁dvice鈥�) before seeking formal ratification; the treaty was accepted and then ratified in fairly short order. This two-step process gave Polk 鈥� if not possession for the US of all the territory that鈥檚 now British Columbia 鈥� some very effective political cover for the final outcome.

鈥淔or Polk, it’s a win-win situation,鈥� Borneman said. 鈥淗e becomes the man that has really stood firm on his campaign promise of all of Oregon. By asking the Senate’s advice before submitting the treaty for ratification, he sort of puts the burden on the Senate for having given up the ground north of the 49th parallel.鈥�

The one bit of irony in this is that in 1846 as the treaty process was concluding, Buchanan already had his eye on the 1848 election. While he was timid about pushing the British behind the scenes for all of Oregon, when it comes to Polk鈥檚 proposal to submit the treaty to the Senate for review, Buchanan is the only member of Polk鈥檚 cabinet who goes on the record as being against the agreeing to the 49th parallel.

鈥淏uchanan is really playing the political game here in terms of on the one hand saying to Polk, 鈥榦h boy, we gotta compromise, we gotta do something,鈥欌�� Borneman said. 鈥淏ut then, when it becomes a matter of record in terms of sending it on to the Senate, Buchanan wants to put out the position that 鈥榦h no, he wasn’t in favor of compromise he wants all of Oregon up to the Alaskan boundary.鈥欌��

Buchanan would run for president himself in 1856, and his one term just prior to the Civil War is considered among the in American history. Buchanan is often blamed for standing idly by while the issue of slavery tore the Union apart, and some historians call him a 鈥淒oughface,鈥� or Northerner with Southern sympathies.

After Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln was elected president in November 1860 but before he would be inaugurated in March 1861, the lame-duck Buchanan gave his address in December 1860.

鈥淗ow easy would it be for the American people to settle the slavery question forever and to restore peace and harmony to this distracted country,鈥� President Buchanan said. 鈥淭hey, and they alone can do it. All that is necessary to accomplish the object, and all for which the slave States have ever contended, is to be let alone and permitted to manage their domestic institutions in their own way. As sovereign States, they, and they alone are responsible before God and the world for the slavery existing among them. For this, the people of the North are not more responsible and have no more fight to interfere than with similar institutions in Russia or in Brazil.鈥�

Seven states seceded from the Union before Lincoln鈥檚 inauguration on March 4, 1861; the Civil War began just five weeks later on April 12, 1861.

James Buchanan died in 1868.

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